Amoxicillin

Description

Amoxicillin tablets, USP are a semisynthetic antibacterial agent, specifically amoxicillin, which is an analog of ampicillin. This drug exhibits a broad spectrum of bactericidal activity against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The chemical structure of amoxicillin is defined as (2S,5R,6R)-6-((R)-(-)-2-amino-2-(p-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo3.2.0heptane-2-carboxylic acid trihydrate. The molecular formula for amoxicillin is C16H19N3O5S•3H2O, with a molecular weight of 419.45.

Each film-coated tablet is available in two strengths: 500 mg and 875 mg of amoxicillin USP as the trihydrate. The 500 mg tablets are pink, capsule-shaped, and debossed with “A” on one side and “66” on the other side. The 875 mg tablets are also pink, capsule-shaped, and are debossed with “A” on one side and feature a score line between “6” and “7” on the other side. Inactive ingredients include colloidal silicon dioxide, crospovidone, D&C Red No. 30 aluminum lake, hypromellose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, sodium starch glycolate, and titanium dioxide.

Uses and Indications

Amoxicillin tablets are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of designated microorganisms. This medication is specifically indicated for the following conditions:

• Upper Respiratory Tract Infections of the Ear, Nose, and Throat

• Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

• Infections of the Skin and Skin Structure

• Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract

• Helicobacter pylori Infection and Duodenal Ulcer Disease in adult patients only

Amoxicillin tablets should be utilized exclusively for the treatment or prevention of infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be bacterial in origin. This approach is essential to minimize the development of drug-resistant bacteria and to preserve the efficacy of amoxicillin tablets and other antibacterial agents.

Dosage and Administration

In adults, the recommended dosage ranges from 750 mg to 1750 mg per day, administered in divided doses every 8 to 12 hours. For pediatric patients over 3 months of age, the dosage is 20 mg to 45 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, also given in divided doses every 8 to 12 hours. Healthcare professionals should refer to the full prescribing information for specific dosing regimens tailored to individual patient needs.

For neonates and infants aged 3 months or younger, the upper limit of dosing is 30 mg/kg/day, divided and administered every 12 hours.

In the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults, two therapeutic regimens are recommended. For triple therapy, the combination consists of 1 gram of amoxicillin, 500 mg of clarithromycin, and 30 mg of lansoprazole, all administered twice daily (every 12 hours) for a duration of 14 days. Alternatively, dual therapy involves 1 gram of amoxicillin and 30 mg of lansoprazole, each given three times daily (every 8 hours) for 14 days.

It is essential to reduce the dosage in patients with severe renal impairment, specifically those with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) greater than 30 mL/min.

Contraindications

Use of this product is contraindicated in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome, to amoxicillin tablets or other beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins or cephalosporins.

Warnings and Precautions

Serious and occasionally fatal anaphylactic reactions have been reported in patients receiving penicillin therapy, including amoxicillin. In the event of an anaphylactic reaction, amoxicillin should be discontinued immediately.

Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) may occur in some patients. It is essential to monitor patients closely for any signs of rash, and if the rash progresses, amoxicillin should be discontinued.

Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES) has also been associated with the use of amoxicillin. Should this condition arise, it is imperative to discontinue amoxicillin and initiate appropriate therapeutic measures.

Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) can manifest in a spectrum ranging from mild diarrhea to severe, potentially fatal colitis. If a patient experiences diarrhea during treatment, a thorough evaluation is warranted to determine the appropriate course of action.

Side Effects

Patients receiving amoxicillin may experience a range of adverse reactions, which can be categorized into common and serious reactions.

Common adverse reactions reported include diarrhea, rash, vomiting, and nausea. These reactions are generally mild and may not require discontinuation of therapy.

Serious adverse reactions, however, warrant immediate attention. Anaphylactic reactions, which can be serious and occasionally fatal, have been reported in patients undergoing penicillin therapy, including amoxicillin. It is crucial to discontinue amoxicillin if such a reaction occurs. Additionally, severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) have been noted; patients should be monitored closely, and amoxicillin should be discontinued if the rash progresses. Drug-induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES) has also been associated with amoxicillin use, necessitating discontinuation and appropriate therapeutic intervention if this condition arises. Furthermore, Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) can range from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis, and evaluation is recommended if diarrhea occurs.

Patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylaxis or Stevens-Johnson syndrome, to amoxicillin or other beta-lactams (including penicillins or cephalosporins) should be closely monitored or may need to avoid amoxicillin altogether.

In cases of overdosage, adverse reactions such as interstitial nephritis leading to oliguric renal failure have been reported in a small number of patients. Crystalluria, which in some instances has resulted in renal failure, has also been documented following amoxicillin overdosage in both adult and pediatric patients.

Drug Interactions

Co-administration of amoxicillin with probenicid is not recommended due to potential interactions that may affect the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin.

When amoxicillin is used concurrently with oral anticoagulants, there is an increased risk of prolongation of prothrombin time. Clinicians should monitor prothrombin time closely and consider dosage adjustments of the anticoagulant as necessary.

The concomitant use of amoxicillin and allopurinol has been associated with an increased risk of rash. Patients should be monitored for dermatological reactions, and if a rash occurs, discontinuation of one or both medications may be warranted.

Additionally, amoxicillin may reduce the efficacy of oral contraceptives. Patients using oral contraceptives should be advised to consider alternative or additional contraceptive methods during treatment with amoxicillin to ensure adequate contraceptive protection.

Packaging & NDC

The table below lists all NDC Code configurations of Amoxicillin, the U.S. brand-name prescription product. Columns show Packaging, Formulation Type, and Active Ingredient Strength.

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of amoxicillin have been established for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections, as well as infections of the genitourinary tract, skin and skin structure, and lower respiratory tract in pediatric patients. However, the safety and effectiveness of amoxicillin for the treatment of H. pylori infection have not been established in this population.

In pediatric patients aged 12 weeks or younger (3 months or younger), caution is advised due to incompletely developed renal function, which may delay the elimination of amoxicillin. Therefore, dosing should be modified accordingly in this age group to ensure safety and efficacy.

Geriatric Use

An analysis of clinical studies of amoxicillin has been conducted to evaluate the response of subjects aged 65 and over compared to younger subjects. The findings from these analyses have not identified significant differences in responses between elderly patients and their younger counterparts; however, it is important to note that a greater sensitivity to the drug in some older individuals cannot be ruled out.

Amoxicillin is substantially excreted by the kidneys, which raises concerns regarding the risk of toxic reactions, particularly in patients with impaired renal function. Given that elderly patients are more likely to experience decreased renal function, careful consideration should be given to dose selection in this population. It may be beneficial to monitor renal function in geriatric patients to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.

Pregnancy

Amoxicillin is classified as Pregnancy Category B. Reproduction studies conducted in mice and rats at doses up to 2000 mg/kg, which is 3 and 6 times the 3 g human dose based on body surface area, have shown no evidence of harm to the fetus. However, there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Due to the limitations of animal reproduction studies in predicting human response, amoxicillin should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed. Healthcare professionals are advised to weigh the potential benefits against any possible risks when considering the use of amoxicillin in pregnant patients.

Lactation

Penicillins, including amoxicillin, have been shown to be excreted in human milk. The use of amoxicillin by nursing mothers may lead to sensitization of breastfed infants. Therefore, caution should be exercised when administering amoxicillin to lactating mothers.

Renal Impairment

Patients with renal impairment have not been specifically addressed in the available prescribing information. There are no dosage adjustments, special monitoring requirements, or safety considerations outlined for individuals with reduced kidney function. Healthcare professionals should exercise caution and consider the lack of data when prescribing to this patient population.

Hepatic Impairment

Patients with hepatic impairment have not been specifically studied in relation to the use of this medication. Consequently, there are no established dosage adjustments, special monitoring requirements, or precautions outlined for individuals with compromised liver function. It is recommended that healthcare providers exercise caution when prescribing this medication to patients with hepatic impairment, given the lack of data on its safety and efficacy in this population. Regular monitoring of liver function may be prudent in these cases, although specific parameters are not defined in the available information.

Overdosage

In the event of amoxicillin overdosage, it is imperative to discontinue the medication immediately. Symptomatic treatment and supportive measures should be instituted as necessary to manage the patient's condition effectively.

Clinical observations indicate that overdosages of less than 250 mg/kg of amoxicillin typically do not result in significant clinical symptoms. However, there have been reports of interstitial nephritis leading to oliguric renal failure in a small number of patients following overdosage. Additionally, crystalluria has been documented, which in some instances has progressed to renal failure in both adult and pediatric populations.

To mitigate the risk of crystalluria associated with amoxicillin overdosage, it is essential to maintain adequate fluid intake and promote diuresis. This approach helps to ensure proper renal function and reduces the likelihood of complications. Notably, renal impairment observed in these cases appears to be reversible upon cessation of amoxicillin administration.

It is important to recognize that patients with pre-existing renal impairment may experience elevated blood levels of amoxicillin due to decreased renal clearance. In severe cases of overdosage, hemodialysis may be employed as a method to remove amoxicillin from circulation, thereby aiding in the management of the overdose.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of the compound. While specific studies to detect the mutagenic potential of amoxicillin alone have not been conducted, data from tests on a 4:1 mixture of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate provide relevant insights.

The combination of amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate was found to be non-mutagenic in both the Ames bacterial mutation assay and the yeast gene conversion assay. However, it exhibited weakly positive results in the mouse lymphoma assay, where the observed trend toward increased mutation frequencies coincided with doses that also resulted in decreased cell survival. In contrast, the mixture was negative in the mouse micronucleus test and the dominant lethal assay in mice.

Potassium clavulanate alone was evaluated in the Ames bacterial mutation assay and the mouse micronucleus test, yielding negative results in both assays, indicating no mutagenic potential.

In a multi-generation reproduction study conducted in rats, no impairment of fertility or other adverse reproductive effects were observed at doses up to 500 mg/kg, which is approximately twice the human dose of 3 g based on body surface area.

Postmarketing Experience

Postmarketing experience has identified cases of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR) associated with the use of amoxicillin tablets. Reports have documented serious skin manifestations, including signs and symptoms such as skin rash and mucosal lesions. Additionally, diarrhea, including watery and bloody stools, has been reported in patients following the administration of amoxicillin tablets, with occurrences noted even 2 or more months after the last dose.

Patient Counseling

Healthcare providers should advise patients that amoxicillin tablets may be taken every 8 hours or every 12 hours, depending on the prescribed dosage. It is important to counsel patients that amoxicillin is a penicillin class drug, which can cause allergic reactions in some individuals.

Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of serious skin manifestations. They should be instructed to stop taking amoxicillin tablets immediately and promptly report any signs or symptoms of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or other indications of hypersensitivity.

Additionally, healthcare providers should counsel patients that diarrhea is a common side effect associated with antibacterial drugs, typically resolving upon discontinuation of the medication. Patients should be made aware that they may develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as 2 months after their last dose of the antibacterial drug. If such symptoms occur, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.

It is essential to inform patients that antibacterial drugs, including amoxicillin tablets, are intended solely for the treatment or prevention of bacterial infections and do not treat viral infections, such as the common cold. When prescribed amoxicillin tablets for a bacterial infection, patients should be reminded that it is common to feel better early in the treatment course; however, the medication must be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or failing to complete the full course of therapy may decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and increase the likelihood of bacteria developing resistance, rendering them untreatable by amoxicillin tablets or other antibacterial drugs in the future.

Storage and Handling

The product is supplied in a tight container to ensure integrity and stability. It should be stored at a temperature range of 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), with permissible excursions between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) as defined by USP Controlled Room Temperature guidelines.

Additional Clinical Information

No further data are available.

FDA Insert (PDF)

This document is the official FDA-approved prescribing information for Amoxicillin as submitted by QPharma, Inc.. It includes detailed information about indications, dosage, contraindications, warnings, and clinical pharmacology.

View full prescribing information (PDF)