Phenylephrine hydrochloride

Description

Phenylephrine is an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist. Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection USP, 10 mg/mL, is a clear, colorless, sterile, nonpyrogenic, aqueous solution intended for intravenous use. Prior to administration, it must be diluted for either intravenous bolus or continuous intravenous infusion.

The chemical name of phenylephrine hydrochloride is (-)-m-hydroxy-α-(methylamino)methylbenzyl alcohol hydrochloride, with a chemical designation of C9H14ClNO2 and a molecular weight of 203.67 g/mol. The structural formula is provided below. Phenylephrine hydrochloride USP appears as a white or practically white powder, is soluble in water and ethanol, and is insoluble in chloroform and ethyl ether.

Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection USP, 10 mg/mL, is sensitive to light. Each mL contains 10 mg of phenylephrine hydrochloride USP, 3.5 mg of sodium chloride, 4 mg of sodium citrate dihydrate, 1 mg of citric acid monohydrate, and 2 mg of sodium metabisulfite in water for injection. The pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid as necessary, maintaining a pH range of 3.5 to 5.5.

Uses and Indications

Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection is indicated for the treatment of clinically important hypotension resulting primarily from vasodilation in the setting of anesthesia.

There are no teratogenic or nonteratogenic effects associated with this drug.

Dosage and Administration

The medication is administered intravenously, either as a bolus injection or as a continuous infusion in a dilute solution.

For bolus intravenous injection, the recommended dosage ranges from 40 mcg to 100 mcg, administered every 1 to 2 minutes as needed. The total dosage should not exceed 200 mcg.

In the case of intravenous infusion, the initial dosage should be set between 10 mcg/min and 35 mcg/min. The infusion rate should be titrated to achieve the desired pressor response, with a maximum allowable rate of 200 mcg/min.

Healthcare professionals are advised to adjust the dosage based on the patient's response to the medication, ensuring effective management of the clinical condition.

Contraindications

There are no contraindications associated with the use of this product. It is not classified as a controlled substance, and there are no identified risks of abuse, misuse, or dependence. Therefore, no specific instructions regarding avoidance or non-use are necessary.

Warnings and Precautions

Phenylephrine hydrochloride is associated with several significant warnings and precautions that healthcare professionals must consider to ensure patient safety.

Cardiovascular Risks Phenylephrine hydrochloride may exacerbate angina in patients with severe arteriosclerosis or a history of angina. It is also important to note that this medication can worsen underlying heart failure and elevate pulmonary arterial pressure. Healthcare providers should monitor patients with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions closely for any signs of exacerbation.

Ischemic Events The use of phenylephrine hydrochloride can lead to excessive peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction, resulting in ischemia to vital organs. Clinicians should be vigilant in assessing patients for symptoms of ischemia, particularly in those with compromised vascular health.

Tissue Necrosis Extravasation during intravenous administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride poses a risk of skin and subcutaneous necrosis. It is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure proper intravenous placement and to monitor the infusion site closely to prevent tissue damage.

Bradycardia Phenylephrine hydrochloride has the potential to induce severe bradycardia and decrease cardiac output. Continuous cardiac monitoring is recommended for patients receiving this medication, especially those with existing bradyarrhythmias or other cardiac conditions.

In summary, careful consideration and monitoring are essential when administering phenylephrine hydrochloride to mitigate the risks of cardiovascular complications, ischemic events, tissue necrosis, and bradycardia.

Side Effects

Patients receiving phenylephrine hydrochloride may experience a range of adverse reactions. The most commonly reported adverse reactions include nausea, vomiting, and headache.

Serious adverse reactions associated with phenylephrine hydrochloride include exacerbation of angina, heart failure, or pulmonary arterial hypertension. This medication can precipitate angina in patients with severe arteriosclerosis or a history of angina, exacerbate underlying heart failure, and increase pulmonary arterial pressure. Additionally, excessive peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction may lead to ischemia of vital organs. Extravasation during intravenous administration has been reported to cause skin and subcutaneous necrosis, resulting in necrosis or sloughing of tissue. Severe bradycardia and decreased cardiac output are also potential serious adverse reactions.

In cases of overdose, symptoms may include headache, vomiting, hypertension, reflex bradycardia, a sensation of fullness in the head, tingling of the extremities, and cardiac arrhythmias, which may manifest as ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular tachycardia.

No additional adverse reactions or important notes have been reported.

Drug Interactions

Agonistic interactions that may enhance the blood pressure effects of phenylephrine hydrochloride have been identified with several drug classes. These include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), oxytocin and oxytocic drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, angiotensin and aldosterone, atropine, steroids, norepinephrine transporter inhibitors, and ergot alkaloids. Clinicians should monitor blood pressure closely when these agents are co-administered with phenylephrine hydrochloride, as dosage adjustments may be necessary to mitigate the risk of excessive hypertension.

Conversely, antagonistic interactions that may reduce the blood pressure effects of phenylephrine hydrochloride have been observed with α-adrenergic antagonists, phosphodiesterase Type 5 inhibitors, mixed α- and β-receptor antagonists, calcium channel blockers, benzodiazepines, ACE inhibitors, and centrally acting sympatholytic agents. When these medications are prescribed alongside phenylephrine hydrochloride, careful monitoring of blood pressure is recommended, and dosage adjustments may be warranted to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

Packaging & NDC

The table below lists all NDC Code configurations of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride, the U.S. brand-name prescription product. Columns show Packaging, Formulation Type, and Active Ingredient Strength.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Therefore, the use of this medication in children, infants, and adolescents should be approached with caution until further data is available.

Geriatric Use

Clinical studies of phenylephrine did not include a sufficient number of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. However, other reported clinical experience has not identified significant differences in responses between elderly patients and younger patients.

In general, dose selection for geriatric patients should be approached with caution. It is advisable to start at the low end of the dosing range, taking into account the increased likelihood of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, as well as the presence of concomitant diseases or other drug therapies. Monitoring for efficacy and safety is recommended to ensure appropriate therapeutic outcomes in this population.

Pregnancy

Data from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses involving the use of phenylephrine hydrochloride injection in pregnant women during Cesarean sections have not established a drug-associated risk of major birth defects or miscarriage. These studies have not identified any adverse effects on maternal outcomes or infant Apgar scores. However, there are no data available regarding the use of phenylephrine during the first or second trimester of pregnancy.

Animal reproduction and development studies have shown evidence of fetal malformations when phenylephrine was administered during organogenesis via a 1-hour infusion at a dose of 1.2 times the human daily dose (HDD) of 10 mg/60 kg/day. Additionally, decreased pup weights were observed in offspring of pregnant rats treated with 2.9 times the HDD. It is important to note that the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population remains unknown, although all pregnancies carry a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is approximately 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Untreated hypotension associated with spinal anesthesia during Cesarean sections can lead to increased maternal nausea and vomiting. A sustained decrease in uterine blood flow due to maternal hypotension may result in fetal bradycardia and acidosis. Published randomized controlled trials over several decades comparing phenylephrine injection to other similar agents in pregnant women during Cesarean sections have not identified adverse maternal or infant outcomes. At recommended doses, phenylephrine does not appear to significantly affect fetal heart rate or fetal heart rate variability.

There are no studies assessing the safety of phenylephrine injection exposure during the period of organogenesis, making it impossible to draw conclusions regarding the risk of birth defects following exposure during pregnancy. Furthermore, there are no data available on the risk of miscarriage following fetal exposure to phenylephrine injection.

In animal studies, no clear malformations or fetal toxicity were reported when normotensive pregnant rabbits were treated with phenylephrine via continuous intravenous infusion over 1 hour at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day (approximately equivalent to a HDD based on body surface area) from Gestation Day 7 to 19. This dose, which did not demonstrate maternal toxicity, was associated with evidence of developmental delay (altered ossification of sternebra). However, in a non-GLP dose range-finding study, fetal lethality and cranial, paw, and limb malformations were noted following treatment with 1.2 mg/kg/day of phenylephrine, which was clearly maternally toxic. An increase in the incidence of limb malformation coincided with high fetal mortality at a dose of 0.6 mg/kg/day (1.2 times the HDD) in the absence of maternal toxicity.

Conversely, no malformations or embryo-fetal toxicity were reported when normotensive pregnant rats were treated with up to 3 mg/kg/day of phenylephrine via continuous intravenous infusion over 1 hour (2.9 times the HDD) from Gestation Day 6 to 17, although this dose was associated with some maternal toxicity, including decreased food consumption and body weight. Decreased pup weights were reported in a pre-and postnatal development toxicity study in which normotensive pregnant rats were administered phenylephrine from Gestation Day 6 through Lactation Day 21. Importantly, no adverse effects on growth and development (including learning and memory, sexual development, and fertility) were noted in the offspring of pregnant rats at any tested dose. Maternal toxicities, including mortality late in gestation and during the lactation period, as well as decreased food consumption and body weight, occurred at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg/day of phenylephrine (equivalent to and 2.9 times the HDD, respectively).

Lactation

Lactating mothers may excrete phenylephrine in breast milk, although specific data on the concentration of phenylephrine in human milk is not available. In animal studies, decreased pup weights were observed in a pre-and postnatal development toxicity study involving normotensive pregnant rats administered phenylephrine via continuous intravenous infusion during gestation and lactation. However, no adverse effects on growth and development, including learning and memory, sexual development, and fertility, were noted in the offspring at any tested dose.

Maternal toxicities, including mortality late in gestation and during the lactation period, as well as decreased food consumption and body weight, were reported at doses of 1 and 3 mg/kg/day of phenylephrine, which correspond to 0.29 and 2.9 times the human daily dose (HDD), respectively. Given these findings, healthcare professionals should weigh the potential risks and benefits when considering the use of phenylephrine in lactating mothers.

Renal Impairment

Patients with renal impairment have not been specifically addressed in the available data regarding dosage adjustments, special monitoring, or safety considerations. Therefore, healthcare professionals should exercise caution when prescribing this medication to patients with reduced kidney function, as the lack of information necessitates careful clinical judgment and monitoring.

Hepatic Impairment

Patients with hepatic impairment have not been specifically studied in relation to this medication. Consequently, there are no established dosage adjustments, special monitoring requirements, or precautions for individuals with compromised liver function. It is recommended that healthcare providers exercise caution when prescribing this medication to patients with hepatic impairment, given the lack of data on its safety and efficacy in this population. Regular monitoring of liver function may be prudent in these cases, although specific parameters are not defined in the available information.

Overdosage

In cases of phenylephrine hydrochloride overdose, a rapid increase in blood pressure is a significant concern. Healthcare professionals should be vigilant for a range of symptoms that may manifest following an overdose.

Symptoms of Overdosage Patients may experience a variety of symptoms, including but not limited to:

• Headache

• Vomiting

• Hypertension

• Reflex bradycardia

• A sensation of fullness in the head

• Tingling of the extremities

• Cardiac arrhythmias, which may include ventricular extrasystoles and ventricular tachycardia

Management Procedures In the event of an overdose, immediate medical intervention is recommended. Monitoring of blood pressure and cardiac function is essential. Appropriate measures should be taken to manage hypertension and any arrhythmias that may arise. Supportive care and symptomatic treatment should be provided as necessary to ensure patient safety and recovery.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Long-term animal studies conducted by the National Toxicology Program evaluated the carcinogenic potential of orally administered phenylephrine hydrochloride in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. These studies utilized the dietary route of administration. The results indicated no evidence of carcinogenicity in mice receiving approximately 270 mg/kg/day, which is 131 times the human daily dose (HDD) of 10 mg/60 kg/day based on body surface area. Similarly, rats administered approximately 50 mg/kg/day, equivalent to 48 times the HDD based on body surface area comparisons, also showed no signs of carcinogenicity.

Phenylephrine hydrochloride was tested for mutagenicity and demonstrated negative results in several assays, including the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay using S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, the in vitro chromosomal aberrations assay, the in vitro sister chromatid exchange assay, and the in vivo rat micronucleus assay. However, positive results were observed in one of two replicates of the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay.

In terms of reproductive toxicity, phenylephrine did not impair mating, fertility, or reproductive outcomes in normotensive male rats treated with 3 mg/kg/day via continuous intravenous infusion over 1 hour (2.9 times the HDD) for 28 days prior to mating and for a minimum of 63 days prior to sacrifice. Female rats received the same dosing regimen for 14 days prior to mating and continued through Gestation Day 6. It is important to note that this dose was associated with increased mortality in both male and female rats, as well as decreased body weight gain in treated males. Additionally, males treated with 3 mg/kg/day phenylephrine exhibited decreased caudal sperm density and an increase in abnormal sperm.

Postmarketing Experience

Postmarketing experience has identified several adverse reactions associated with Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection. These include hypertension, reflex bradycardia, and arrhythmias. Additional adverse reactions reported include headache, anxiety, and nausea. There have also been reports of extravasation leading to tissue necrosis. Furthermore, cases of severe allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been documented. The safety profile of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection continues to be monitored through postmarketing surveillance.

Patient Counseling

Healthcare providers should inform patients, family members, or caregivers that certain medical conditions and medications may affect the efficacy of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection. It is essential to discuss any pre-existing health issues or ongoing treatments that the patient may have, as these factors could influence the medication's performance and safety profile. Encouraging open communication about the patient's complete medical history will help ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes and minimize potential risks associated with the use of this medication.

Storage and Handling

Phenylephrine Hydrochloride Injection USP, 10 mg/mL is supplied in a suitable packaging configuration. It should be stored at a temperature range of 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), in accordance with USP Controlled Room Temperature guidelines. The product must be protected from light and should remain in its carton until it is ready for use.

Once diluted, the solution should not be held for more than 4 hours at room temperature or for more than 24 hours when refrigerated. Any unused portion of the diluted solution must be discarded to ensure safety and efficacy.

Additional Clinical Information

No further data are available.

FDA Insert (PDF)

This document is the official FDA-approved prescribing information for Phenylephrine Hydrochloride as submitted by Eugia US LLC. It includes detailed information about indications, dosage, contraindications, warnings, and clinical pharmacology.

View full prescribing information (PDF)